Objective To investigate the common species, density, and seasonality of rodents in human settlements and the surrounding environment in Shandong province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for assessing the risk of rodent-borne diseases and for preventing and controlling rodents effectively. Methods The data of rodents from the national vector surveillance sites in Shandong province from 2010 to 2018 were collected and sorted out, the constituent ratio of rodent species was analyzed, and the rodent density and its seasonality characteristics were compared between rodents of different species and from different habitats. Results A total of 1 374 rodents were captured from 2010 to 2018, and the total density of rodents was 0.82% trap capture rate. Among the captured rodents, the constituent ratios of Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, and Apodemus agrarius were 48.84%, 40.68%, and 7.79%, respectively, and their densities were 0.40%, 0.33%, and 0.06%, respectively. Rattus norvegicus was the dominant species, followed by M. musculus. The rodent densities in rural residential areas, key industries, and urban residential areas were 1.16%, 0.74%, and 0.58%, respectively. The density of R. norvegicus was highest in rural residential areas and urban residential areas (0.42% and 0.35%), while the density of M. musculus was highest in key industries (0.56%). The seasonality of total density showed an atypical bimodal curve, with the peaks appearing from April to June and September to October. Apart from a slight increase in 2012, the total density of each rodent species remained stable with a slight decline in other years. The seasonality curves of rodent density in different species, habitats, and years were similar to the total density curve. Conclusion Rattus norvegicus and M. musculus are dominant rodent species in human settlements and the surrounding environment in Shandong province. The rodent density at surveillance sites in the whole province showed an overall downward trend from 2010 to 2018. May to June and September to October each year is the peak of rodent activity, and the rodent density was relatively high in rural residential areas and key industries. Rodent control in peak periods of rodent activity and in active habitats should be strengthened.

Objective To observe the assessment for deratization effect used with rat footprint plate method and S100 check method, and comparison the accuracy of two methods. Methods On-the-spot test was carried out at the Zhangheitun village of Linyi city, a total of 280 households. It was divided into two groups, each group of 140 households, the first group put 0.05% Diphacine-Na corn poison bait in cement poison bait box, the second group put 0.05% Diphacine-Na wheat poison bait in. Two methods of rat footprint plate method and S400 check were used to evaluate the deratization effect at the same time. Results At the first group, the assessment of deratization rate with rat footprint plate method at different periods of time were 54.05%, 54.78%, 73.19% and 92.47% respectively on the 10 d, 20 d, 30 d and 60 d, and the assessment of deratization rate with S100 check method at different periods of time were 79.40%, 88.38%, 95.64% and 98.87% respectively on the 10 d, 20 d, 30 d and 60 d, comparison two assessment methods, they have statistically significant(10 d, χ²=71.540; 20 d, χ²=176.230; 30 d, χ²=181.730; 60 d, χ²=56.270, P<0.01). At the second group, the assessment of deratization rate with rat footprint plate method at different periods of time were 35.51%, 51.02%, 71.28% and 85.54% respectively on the 10 d, 20 d, 30 d and 60 d, and the assessment of deratization rate with S100 check method at different periods of time were 74.08%, 87.32%, 95.13% and 97.53% respectively on the 10 d, 20 d, 30 d and 60 d, comparison two assessment methods, they were statistically significant (10 d, χ²=145.720; 20 d, χ²=231.720; 30 d, χ²=214.560; 60 d, χ²=104.230, P<0.01). Conclusion The S100 check method is more suitable for the assessment of deratization effect, since its quality and accuracy. And the rat footprint plate method better suited to determine the population density of rats, and identifying the rat density situation, it was convenient and practical.

Metallothioneins (MT) are a class of cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight metal-binding proteins widely distributed in organisms, which can chelate various metal ions. In recent years, MT has been increasingly studied in different aspects due to its special functions. This paper briefly describes the structural characteristics, physical and chemical properties, and distribution ofMT and reviews the research advances in its participation in detoxication, free radical scavenging, and trace element metabolism.

Objective To observe the killing effects of 0.05% diphacinone sodium in the form of wax-coated poison bait corn granules, wax-coated poison bait wheat granules, or wax-coated poison bait mixed granules on Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus in rooms. Methods A total of 760 rooms (around 15 m² every room) were selected from the area with centralized residence in Zhangma Village, Jinan, China; wax-coated poison bait mixed granules were placed in 249 rooms, wax-coated poison bait corn granules were placed in 267 rooms, and wax-coated poison bait wheat granules were placed in 244 rooms. In each room, 3 piles of wax-coated poison bait (10 g/pile) were placed for 4 d, and observation was performed for 26 d. The killing effect of wax-coated poison bait was evaluated by grid/plate method (S400). Results The killing rates of wax-coated poison bait mixed granules and wax-coated poison bait corn granules were 97.45% vs. 92.44% (u=5.22, P<0.01) for R. norvegicus and were 100% vs. 99.47% (u=1.46, P>0.05) for M. musculus. The killing rates of wax-coated poison bait mixed granules and wax-coated poison bait wheat granules were 97.45% vs. 96.59% (u=1.19, P>0.05) for R. norvegicus and were both 100% for M. musculus. Conclusion Wax-coated poison bait has good killing effects on R. norvegicus and M. musculus. Wax-coated poison bait mixed granules, which are composed of wax-coated poison bait corn granules and wax-coated poison bait wheat granules at a ratio of 7:3, have a better killing effect on R. norvegicus than wax-coated poison bait corn granules.

Objective To observe the role of ecological approaches to deratization in keeping the rat density in large hotels as low as possible, providing a scientific basis for future deratization. Methods First, 0.005% bromadiolone corn poison bait was laid out for 6 consecutive days in the four large hotels with similar environmental conditions and serious rodent damage. And then the 4 hotels were randomly divided into two groups, of which ecological approaches to deratization were followed in one, with the other used as the control group. S-100 method was used to evaluate the deratization effect by the deratization rate based on the difference in the rodent density between the 2 groups within 6 months. Results The deratization rate of 0.005% bromadiolone corn poison bait for the 4 hotels was 96.92%, 97.06%, 96.82% and 97.53%, respectively, with the overall deratization rate being 97.12% within the 6 months. By the end of the observation, the rat density of the 2 hotels in the test group increased only by 2.97 compared with that at the time when corn poison bait deratization was completed, while the density of the 2 hotels in the control group increased by 34.34 in the same period of time with a difference of 31.37 between the two groups(u=22.24, P<0.01). Conclusion The deratization effect with poison bait followed by ecological approaches is a highly effective means for safe deratization and prolonged maintenance of the state.

Objective To investigate the susceptibility and resistance of larvae and adult of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Licheng district, Shandong province to the commonly used insecticides, providing the basis for chemical control of the insects. Methods A large number of adult Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were collected outdoors in the peak seasons. The first filial generation of larvae was obtained by feeding the collected adults with blood from mice. The larvae obtained and the adult female mosquitoes, which had been captured in the field and had laid the first eggs in the lab, were used as test insects. The susceptibility of the adult and larvae to commonly used insecticides were determined with the drug membrane contact method and the impregnation method respectively, as the WHO protocol, with the knockdown rate and mortality of the adult mosquitoes and the LC₅₀ (95%CI) for the larvae calculated and their resistance levels to commonly used insecticides compared. Results The mortality of the adult exposed to 0.05% deltamethrin (contact for 1 h), 0.05% beta-cypermethrin (1 h), 0.25% permethrin (3 h), 0.45% permethrin (3 h), 0.05% cypermethrin (1 h), 0.45% tetramethrin (1 h), 1% fenitrothion (2 h), 0.1% propoxur (2 h) and 4%DDT (4 h) beyond 24 h were 85.0%, 74.6%, 38.0%, 92.9%, 36.2%, 43.6%, 16.1%, 16.9% and 36.4%, respectively. The LC₅₀ and the corresponding 95%CI of deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and permethrin for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus larvae were 0.0046 (0.0037-0.0055), 0.0113 (0.0092-0.0136), 0.0325 (0.0289-0.0369) mg/L, respectively; the LC₅₀ (95%CI) of dichlorvos, temephos, fenitrothion and malathion and BPMC were 4.9047 (3.8612-6.4215), 9.5733 (7.4644-12.5296), 1.2694 (1.0280-1.5055), 0.7750 (0.6060-0.9842) and 4.4237 (3.7406-5.2769) mg/L, respectively. Compared to the susceptible strains reported in previous literature, the resistance coefficients of the larvae of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were 11.5, 1.9 and 8.8 to deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin and permethrin, respectively, and 76.6, 7977.8, 256.4 and 84.2 to dichlorvos, temephos, fenitrothion and malathion, respectively. Conclusion Adult Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Licheng district has developed resistance to the commonly used insecticides, with a very high resistance seen to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in the adult. The resistance of larvae to temephos is highest among the organophosphates.

Objective To compare the efficacy of light and CO₂ trapping lamps in laboratory and field settings. Methods The Methods of CO₂ trapping lamp and light trapping lamp were used in this study. Results The two trapping lamps were both effective in attracting mosquitoes. The capture rates were 45.33% for light lamps and 71.67% for CO₂ lamps in the laboratory, and the captured mosquito density was 10.56/lamp·hour and 20.43/lamp·hour, respectively. Culex pipiens pallens, Anopheles sinensis and Aedes albopictus were collected with a female-to-male ratio of 0.88∶1 and 4.57∶1 using the two methods, respectively. Conclusion Both trapping lamps could be used alone or in combination for accurate mosquito monitoring dependent on the habitat and purposes.

Objective To observe the deratization effects of acute and chronic bait poisons applied in bait boxes on rodent, particularly Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus. Methods On-the-spot test was carried out in West Caishi Village, Licheng district, Jinan city. One bait box, containing 0.5% gophacide and 0.05% sodium diphacinone wheat granules of 50 g in the acute poisoning group or 100 g in the chronic group, was placed in each room. Each group included 90 households for effect assessment using the S100 grill powder-track method. Results For the acute poisoning group, at day 5, 10, 15 and 20, the overall deratization rates were 77.54%, 82.36%, 88.50% and 93.78%, respectively; the killing rates on M. musculus were 76.81%, 82.83%, 88.92% and 94.14%, respectively, and on R. norvegicus 100%, 68.29%, 75.61% and 80.49%, respectively. As to the chronic bait group, at day 10, 20, 30 and 60, the overall deratization rates were 90.93%, 93.17%, 98.11% and 98.28% respectively; the killing rates on M. musculus were 91.12%, 93.24%, 98.18% and 98.24%, respectively and on R. norvegicus 80.95%, 92.86%, 95.24% and 100%. The overall deratization effect at day 10 in the chronic group was better than that of the acute group (u=11.43, P<0.01). Conclusion Chronic anticoagulant baits applied in bait boxes were significantly effective in rodent control.

【Abstract】 Objective To compare the characteristics of mosquito communities structure at different altitude of Mengshan mountains Methods The mosquito communities structure at different altitude of Mengshan mountains were compared and analyzed with the indexes of substance content of biota（SCB）, species abundance and diversity（SAD）, probability of interspecific encounter（PIE）, community uniformiry（CU）, biomass （BM） and species density（SD）, and the relativity of mosquito communities comparability index was performed. Results A total of 2013 mosquitoes were colleted. Of which, a sum of 1724 mosquitoes were collected within 200-300 m, accounting for 85%. There were 257 mosquitoes at 700-800 m, accounting for 13%, and only 32 mosquitoes at 1156 m which was the top of the mountain, accounting for 2%. The six index mentioned above were 13, 0.345, 0.272, 0.310, 1.20, and 1724 at 200-300 m, 12, 0.417, 0.443, 0.417, 0.18, and 257 at 700-800 m, and 9, 0.677, 0.845, 0.750, 0.06 and 32 at 1156 m. The comparability index between 700-800 m and 1156 m was higher with the value of 0.3625, following with the indexes between 700-800 m and 200-300 m which the values were all 0.1852. And it was the lowest between 1156 m and 200-300 m with the value of 0.1452. The results showed that the distance was nearer, the comparability was bigger, according with the practical investigation results. Conclusion There was distinct difference among the mosquitoes communities diversity at the different altitude. The SCB, BM and SD of mosquito communities in higher altitude were lower than those in lower altitude. But the CU, SAD and PIE of mosquito communities in higher altitude were higher than those in lower altitude. Furthermore, the distance of habitats was nearer, the community structures were more similar, and vice versa. The biological diversity was of great importance to study community structure of mosquitoes.

Objective To study the control effect of dichlorophacinon ammonium, a new type of anticoagulant rodenticide, to Rattus norvegicus in the special environment. Methods 0.5% salt as attractant, adding to 0.005% dichlorophacinon ammoniumthe mixed poisonous baits including 95% wheat and 5% corn, and kill rodents with one-off application method. Evaluate the control efficacy with rodent trace method. Investigate the population density of R.norvegicust the second month after treatment, and add up six times. Results The rodent density was 55.47% before treatment, while it decreased to 0.78% and 0% after traeatment for 27 d and 40 d, respectively. The rodent density was zero from the second month to seventh month after treatment, and the control effect reached 100%. Conclusion The dichlorophacinon ammonium had the high toxicity and good palatability to R.norvegicus, which had good control efficacy in the special environment.

Objective To understand the deratization effect and toxicity of 0.0375% racumin wheat bait to non-target animals in laboratory and different fields,and provide scientific basis for rodent control.Methods Detecting the palatableness and effect of poison bait on deratization in laboratory by the methods of grouping rising and providing poison bait selectively,and determine the rat density with 100 standards powderboards method and calculate the deratization rate,toxicity of poison bait to rabbit and chicken by the methods of single rising and providing poison bait non-selectively and detect indirect toxicity of poison bait by feeding cats and dogs with poison bait.Results The coefficient of intake was 0.73,the deratization rate was 100% in laboratory;It was 97.61%,97.43%,97.71%,100% and 100% respectively in natural countryside,canteen,hotel,food supermarket and food processing factory.The total field deratization rate was 98.02%,the corrected total field deratization rate was 98.17%;when continuously providing poison bait 3 d,the mortality rate of rabbit and chicken was 40% and 20% respectively,while continuously providing 5 d,the mortality rate was 100% and 80% respectively.When feeding cat continuously 3 d with poisoned mouse and domestic dog continuously 2 d with poisoned brown rat,no poisoning occurred.Conclusion The palatableness of the product is good,the deratization effect are good in laboratory and different fields,it has toxicity to the non-targetanimal,but the effect is limited,so it is a good and relatively safe rodenticide.

Objective To compare on the biological diversity of mosquitoes at different altitude Mengshan mountains.Methods Apply human-bait net trap,human-bait landing catches,cow-bait landing catches,human-bait net catches and whipping net methods to obtain adult mosquitoes,and the larvae was counted gaining by 50-500 ml spoons,and record the environmental.The indexes of abundane and diversity(SAD),ralative rate species( RR),relative extreme amount species( RA),community uniformiry(CU),biomass and probability of inter-specific encounter( PIE),the D _max and species density(SD) were investigated and compared.The similarity indice between different connunities were derived statistically.Results Total 2 013 mosquitoes were collected,of which 1 724 were at 200-300 m,accounting for 85.6%,257 at 700-800 m,accounting for 12.8%,and only 32 at 1 156 m,the top of the mountains.The seven index are 13,16.67,76.92,0.272,0.310,0.71,1 724 at 200-300 m;12,58.33,16.67,0.443,0.417,0.69,157 at 700-800 m,and 9,22.22,0.00,0.845,0.750,0.25,32 at 1 156 m.The RA was more at 200-300 m,and the RR was more at 700-800 m.Conclusion The biological diversity of community structures of mosquioes depend on their habitat,the SAD and SD of mosquito communities in higher altitude are lower than those in lower altitude,but the CU and PIE are hight.When the RA is higher,the PIE is lower,then the D . is higher also.

Objective To test the rebounding speed of rat density after deratization in large storehouses and canteens and to set the intervals for control. Methods The corn poison bait of 0.005%bromadiolone was put for 4 d,the 100 division powder board was used to determine the rat density and calculate the rate of deratization and the rebounding rate of rat density. Results The rat density(the average number of division covered per board) was 7.44and 8.87respectively in storehouses and canteens before deratization,it dropped to 0.14and 0.28respectively 21 dafter deratization,with the rate of deratization at 98.12%and 96.84% respectively. The rebounding rate of rat density was 1.88%,3.49%,4.57%,8.74%,13.17%,23.25%,79.44%and 100.81%respectively in storehouses for 1-8months after deratization respectively. And the rebounding rate of rat density was 3.61%,6.99%,16.01%,23.68%,62.01%and 100.90%respectively in canteens 1-6months after deratization. Conclusion The rat density can be maintained at a low level in storehouses within 6 months and in canteens 4 months after deratization. The rebounding speed of rat density is related to food sources,water sources,rat prevention installations and environments. And it is suggested that deratization should be conducted once every 5-6months in storehouses and 3-4months in canteens.

ObjectiveTo investigate the encroachment situation and the cause happened by mouse,to provide basis for reducing the mouse density.MethodsAn investingation was carried out on rat density and species with the method of night trapping in special areas including restaurants,no staple food shops,multiple shops,the five metal shops in the city zone of Weifang city,Shandong province.ResultsThe rat density was 2.83%,2.01%,1.51%,1.31% respectively in the four areas,the average density was 1.83%.136 mice were captured, Rattus norvegicus,Mus musculus,Circetulus barabensis,Suncus murinus were 106,24,2,4 respectively, Rattus norvegicus was predominant rat species(77.94%).ConclusionsEncroachment by mouse was seriously in these special areas,it's cause was high rat density,perishing rats was not carried out centralizedly.

This arricle is about the effect observation of the glue rat board.The result indicates clearly that the method has good effect on catching rat in the special situation.The rate of catching rat in the canteen and the residential area were 90.26% and 88.12%.The rat number caught was decreasing day by day. Its effect of catching rat could be influenced by the surrounding.

This svrvey of rodents were carried out in different habitats around the villages of hilly country in Rizhao city in Shandong province between 1991 and 1992.The number of trap nights was 10551 in total for four quarters in 1991,the results indicated that the density of rodents was the highest in fluvio-lacustrine side and the lowerest in bench terrace area,the capture rate was7.37% and 1.54%,respectively,the capture rate was 2.01% in common ground.The A.agrarius was predominant,83.90%.All of them were A.agrarius in fluviolacustrine side,arroyo and so on in spring.Acorrding to the above,we consider that if rodents are eliminated by the methods of stressing habitats for preventing diseases or grain preservation in some areas of hilly country, getting twice the result with half the effort can be obtained. the emphasis places of eliminating rodents in the area are fluviolacustrine side,arroyo and side of stone embankment,especially in spring.